Bergstein NA. Clinical study on the efficacy of O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)rutoside (HR) in varicosis of pregnancy.
J Int Med Res.
1975;3:189 - 193.
Pulvertaft TB. General practice treatment of symptoms of venous insufficiency with oxerutins. Results of a 660 patient multicentre study in the UK.
Vasa.
1983;12:373 - 376.
Unkauf M, Rehn D, Klinger J, et al. Investigation of the efficacy of oxerutins compared to placebo in patients with chronic venous insufficiency treated with compression stockings.
Arzneimittelforschung.
1996;46:478 - 482.
Lohr E, Garanin G, Jesau P, et al. Anti-edemic therapy in chronic venous insufficiency with tendency to formation of edema [translated from German].
MMW Munch Med Wochenschr.
1986;128:579 - 581.
Steiner M, Hillemanns HG. Investigation of the anti-edemic efficacy of Venostasin® retard [translated from German].
MMW Munch Med Wochenschr.
1986;128:551 - 552.
Alter H. Drug therapy of varicosis [translated from German].
Z Allgemeinmed.
1973;49:1301 - 1304.
Friederich HC, Vogelsberg H, Neiss A. Evaluation of internally effective venous drugs [translated from German].
Z Hautkr.
1978;53:369 - 374.
Cesarone MR, Laurora G, De Sanctis MT, et al. The microcirculatory activity of Centella asiatica in venous insufficiency. A double-blind study [translated from Italian].
Minerva Cardioangiol.
1994;42:299 - 304.
Pointel JP, Boccalon H, Cloarec M, et al. Titrated extract of
Centella asiatica
(TECA) in the treatment of venous insufficiency of the lower limbs.
Angiology.
1987;38:46 - 50.
Guilhou JJ, Fevrier F, Debure C, et al. Benefit of a 2-month treatment with a micronized, purified flavonoidic fraction on venous ulcer healing. A randomized, double-blind, controlled versus placebo trial.
Int J Microcirc Clin Exp.
1997;17(suppl 1):21 - 26.
Sohn C, Jahnichen C, Bastert G. Effectiveness of beta-hydroxyethylrutoside in patients with varicose veins in pregnancy [in German; English abstract].
Zentralbl Gynakol.
1995;117:190 - 197.
Buckshee K, Takkar D, Aggarwal N. Micronized flavonoid therapy in internal hemorrhoids of pregnancy.
Int J Gynaecol Obstet.
1997;57:145 - 151.
Wijayanegara H, Mose JC, Achmad L, et al. A clinical trial of hydroxyethylrutosides in the treatment of haemorrhoids of pregnancy.
J Int Med Res.
1992;20:54 - 60.
Lao TT, Tam K, Chan LY. Third trimester iron status and pregnancy outcome in non-anaemic women; pregnancy unfavourably affected by maternal iron excess.
Hum Reprod.
2000;15:1843 - 1848.
Hemminki E, Rimpela U. A randomized comparison of routine versus selective iron supplementation during pregnancy.
J Am Coll Nutr.
1991;10:3 - 10.
Hemminki E, Merilainen J. Long-term follow-up of mothers and their infants in a randomized trial on iron prophylaxis during pregnancy.
Am J Obstet Gynecol.
1995;173:205 - 209.
Juarez-Vazquez J, Bonizzoni E, Scotti A. Iron plus folate is more effective than iron alone in the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy: a randomized, double blind clinical trial.
BJOG.
2002;109:1009 - 1014.
Laurence KM, James N, Miller MH, et al. Double-blind randomised controlled trial of folate treatment before conception to prevent recurrence of neural-tube defects.
Br Med J (Clin Res Ed).
1981;282:1509 - 1511.
MRC Vitamin Study Research Group. Prevention of neural tube defects: results of the Medical Research Council Vitamin Study.
Lancet.
1991;338:131 - 137.
Rose NC, Mennuti MT. Periconceptional folate supplementation and neural tube defects.
Clin Obstet Gynecol.
1994;37:605 - 620.
Kurtzweil P. How folate can help prevent birth defects. Food and Drug Administration Web site. Available at:
http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/796_fol.html
. Accessed August 22, 2000.
Velie EM, Block G, Shaw GM, et al. Maternal supplemental and dietary zinc intake and the occurrence of neural tube defects in California.
Am J Epidemiol.
1999;150:605 - 616.
Garry D, Figueroa R, Guillaume J, et al. Use of castor oil in pregnancies at term.
Altern Ther Health Med.
2000;6:77 - 79.
Davis L. The use of castor oil to stimulate labor in patients with premature rupture of membranes.
J Nurse Midwifery.
1984;29:366 - 370.
Summers L. Methods of cervical ripening and labor induction.
J Nurse Midwifery.
1997;42:71 - 85.
Steingrub JS, Lopez T, Teres D, et al. Amniotic fluid embolism associated with castor oil ingestion.
Crit Care Med.
1988;16:642 - 643.
Mitri F, Hofmeyr GJ, van Gelderen CJ. Meconium during labour - self-medication and other associations.
S Afr Med J.
1987;71:431 - 433.
Ramnero A, Hanson U, Kihlgren M. et al. Acupuncture treatment during labour - a randomised controlled trial.
BJOG.
2002;109:637 - 644.
Skilnand E, Fossen D, Heiberg E. et al. Acupuncture in the management of pain in labor.
Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand.
2002;81:943 - 948.
Rabl M, Ahner R, Bitschnau M, et al. Acupuncture for cervical ripening and induction of labor at term - a randomized controlled trial.
Wien Klin Wochenschr.
2001;113:942 - 946.
McFarlin BL, Gibson MH, O'Rear J, et al. A national survey of herbal preparation use by nurse-midwives for labor stimulation. Review of the literature and recommendations for practice.
J Nurse Midwifery.
1999;44:205 - 216.
Simpson M, Parsons M, Greenwood J, et al. Raspberry leaf in pregnancy: its safety and efficacy in labor.
J Midwifery Womens Health.
2001;46:51 - 59.
Jones TK, Lawson BM. Profound neonatal congestive heart failure caused by maternal consumption of blue cohosh herbal medication.
J Pediatr.
1998;132:550 - 552.
Gunn TR, Wright IM. The use of black and blue cohosh in labour.
N Z Med J.
1996;109:410 - 411.
Tou JCL, Chen J, Thompson LU. Flaxseed and its lignan precursor, secoisolariciresinol diglycoside, affect pregnancy outcome and reproductive development in rats.
J Nutr.
1998;128:1861 - 1868.
Belew C. Herbs and the childbearing woman: guidelines for midwives.
J Nurse Midwifery.
1999;44:231 - 252.
Signorelli P, Croce P, Dede A. Clinical study on the use of a glucomannan and lactulose association in pregnancy constipation [in Italian; English abstract].
Minerva Ginecol.
1996;48:577 - 582.
Newall C, Anderson LA, Phillipson JD.
Herbal Medicines: A Guide for Health-Care Professionals.
London, England: Pharmaceutical Press; 1996.
Dahle LO, Berg G, Hammar M, et al. The effect of oral magnesium substitution on pregnancy-induced leg cramps.
Am J Obstet Gynecol.
1995;173:175 - 180.
Hammar M, Berg G, Solheim F, et al. Calcium and magnesium status in pregnant women. A comparison between treatment with calcium and vitamin C in pregnant women with leg cramps.
Int J Vitam Nutr Res.
1987;57:179 - 183.
Odendaal HJ. Calcium for the treatment of leg cramps during pregnancy [in Afrikaans].
S Afr Med J.
1974;48:780 - 781.
Hammar M, Larsson L, Tegler L. Calcium treatment of leg cramps in pregnancy. Effect on clinical symptoms and total serum and ionized serum calcium concentrations.
Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand.
1981;60:345 - 347.
Avsar AF, Ozmen S, Soylemez F. Vitamin B1 and B6 substitution in pregnancy for leg cramps [letter].
Am J Obstet Gynecol.
1996;175:233 - 234.
Pack AR, Thomson ME. Effects of topical and systemic folic acid supplementation on gingivitis in pregnancy.
J Clin Periodontol.
1980;7:402 - 413.
Thomson ME, Pack AR. Effects of extended systemic and topical folate supplementation on gingivitis of pregnancy.
J Clin Periodontol.
1982;9:275 - 280.
Jovanovic L, Gutierrez M, Peterson CM. Chromium supplementation for women with gestational diabetes mellitus.
J Trace Elem Exp Med.
1999;12:91 - 97.
Bennink HJ, Schreurs WH. Improvement of oral glucose tolerance in gestational diabetes by pyridoxine.
Br Med J.
1975;3:13 - 15.
Frezza M, Pozzato G, Chiesa L, et al. Reversal of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in women after high dose S-adenosyl-L-methionine administration.
Hepatology.
1984;4:274 - 278.
Nicastri PL, Diaferia A, Tartagni M, et al. A randomised placebo-controlled trial of ursodeoxycholic acid and S-adenosylmethionine in the treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.
Br J Obstet Gynaecol.
1998;105:1205 - 1207.
Olsen SF, Sorensen JD, Secher NJ, et al. Randomised controlled trial of effect of fish-oil supplementation on pregnancy duration.
Lancet.
1992;339:1003 - 1007.
Olsen SF, Secher NJ. A possible preventive effect of low-dose fish oil on early delivery and pre-eclampsia: indications from a 50-year-old controlled trial.
Br J Nutr.
1990;64:599 - 609.
Villar J, Repke JT. Calcium supplementation during pregnancy may reduce preterm delivery in high-risk populations.
Am J Obstet Gynecol.
1990;163(4 Pt 1):1124 - 1131.
Crowther CA, Hiller JE, Pridmore B, et al. Calcium supplementation in nulliparous women for the prevention of pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia and preterm birth: an Australian randomized trial. FRACOG and the ACT Study Group.
Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol.
1999;39:12 - 18.
Ramakrishnan U, Manjrekar R, Rivera J, et al. Micronutrients and pregnancy outcome: a review of the literature.
Nutr Res.
1999;19:103 - 159.
Cherry FF, Sandstead HH, Rojas P, et al. Adolescent pregnancy: associations among body weight, zinc nutriture, and pregnancy outcome.
Am J Clin Nutr.
1989;50:945 - 954.
Goldenberg RL, Tamura T, Neggers Y, et al. The effect of zinc supplementation on pregnancy outcome.
JAMA.
1995;274:463 - 468.
Jonsson B, Hauge B, Larsen MF, et al. Zinc supplementation during pregnancy: a double blind randomised controlled trial.
Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand.
1996;75:725 - 729.
Caulfield LE, Zavaleta N, Figueroa A, et al. Maternal zinc supplementation does not affect size at birth or pregnancy duration in Peru.
J Nutr.
1999;129:1563 - 1568.
Kovacs L, Molnar BG, Huhn E, et al. Magnesium substitution in pregnancy. A prospective, randomized double-blind study [translated from German].
Geburtsh Frauenheilk.
1988;48:595 - 600.
Spatling L, Spatling G. Magnesium supplementation in pregnancy. A double-blind study.
Br J Obstet Gynaecol.
1988;95:120 - 125.
Sibai BM, Villar MA, Bray E. Magnesium supplementation during pregnancy: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial.
Am J Obstet Gynecol.
1989;161:115 - 119.
Hemminki E, Rimpela U. Iron supplementation, maternal packed cell volume, and fetal growth.
Arch Dis Child.
1991;66:422 - 425.
Villar J, Gulmezoglu AM, de Onis M. Nutritional and antimicrobial interventions to prevent preterm birth: an overview of randomized controlled trials.
Obstet Gynecol Surv.
1998;53:575 - 585.
Atallah AN, Hofmeyr GJ, Duley L. Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;CD001059.
de Onis M, Villar J, Gulmezoglu M. Nutritional interventions to prevent intrauterine growth retardation: evidence from randomized controlled trials.
Eur J Clin Nutr.
1998;52(suppl 1):S83 - S93.
Bucher HC, Guyatt GH, Cook RJ, et al. Effect of calcium supplementation on pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
JAMA.
1996;275:1113 - 1117.
Goldenberg RL, Tamura T, Neggers Y, et al. The effect of zinc supplementation on pregnancy outcome.
JAMA.
1995;274:463 - 468.
Jonsson B, Hauge B, Larsen MF, et al. Zinc supplementation during pregnancy: a double blind randomised controlled trial.
Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand.
1996;75:725 - 729.
Cherry FF, Sandstead HH, Rojas P, et al. Adolescent pregnancy: associations among body weight, zinc nutriture, and pregnancy outcome.
Am J Clin Nutr.
1989;50:945 - 954.
Simmer K, Lort-Phillips L, James C, et al. A double-blind trial of zinc supplementation in pregnancy.
Eur J Clin Nutr.
1991;45:139 - 144.
Hunt IF, Murphy NJ, Cleaver AE, et al. Zinc supplementation during pregnancy: effects on selected blood constituents and on progress and outcome of pregnancy in low-income women of Mexican descent.
Am J Clin Nutr.
1984;40:508 - 521.
Mahomed K, James DK, Golding J, et al. Zinc supplementation during pregnancy: a double blind randomised controlled trial.
BMJ.
1989;299:826 - 830.
Onwude JL, Lilford RJ, Hjartardottir H, et al. A randomised double blind, placebo controlled trial of fish oil in high risk pregnancy.
Br J Obstet Gynaecol.
1995;102:95 - 100.
Bulstra-Ramakers MT, Huisjes HJ, Visser GH. The effects of 3g eicosapentaenoic acid daily on recurrence of intrauterine growth retardation and pregnancy induced hypertension.
Br J Obstet Gynaecol.
1995;102:123 - 126.
Brooke OG, Brown IRF, Bone CDM, et al. Vitamin D supplements in pregnant Asian women: effects on calcium status and fetal growth.
Br Med J.
1980;280:751 - 754.
Doyle W, Crawford MA, Wynn AH, et al. The association between maternal diet and birth dimensions.
J Nutr Med.
1990;1:9 - 17.
Hemminki E, Rimpela U. Iron supplementation, maternal packed cell volume, and fetal growth.
Arch Dis Child.
1991;66:422 - 425.
Ernst E. Herbal medicinal products during pregnancy: are they safe?
BJOG.
2002;109:227 - 235.
Zatuchni GI, Colombi DJ. Bromelains therapy for the prevention of episiotomy pain.
Obstet Gynecol
. 1967;29:275 - 278.
Howat RC, Lewis GD. The effect of bromelain therapy on episiotomy wounds - a double-blind controlled clinical trial.
J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw
. 1972;79:951 - 953.
Soule SD, Wasserman HC, Burstein R. Oral proteolytic enzyme therapy (Chymoral) in episiotomy patients.
Am J Obstet Gynecol
. 1966;95:820 - 823.
Martin AA, Schauble PG, Rai SH, et al. The effects of hypnosis on the labor processes and birth outcomes of pregnant adolescents.
J Fam Pract
. 2001;50:441 - 443.
Freeman RM, Macaulay AJ, Eve L, et al. Randomised trial of self hypnosis for analgesia in labour.
Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)
. 1986;292:657 - 658.
Jenkins MW, Pritchard MH. Hypnosis: practical applications and theoretical considerations in normal labour.
Br J Obstet Gynaecol
. 1993;100:221 - 226.
Brann LR, Guzvica SA. Comparison of hypnosis with conventional relaxation for antenatal and intrapartum use: a feasibility study in general practice.
J R Coll Gen Pract
. 1987;37:437 - 440.
Chang MY, Wang SY, Chen CH. Effects of massage on pain and anxiety during labour: a randomized controlled trial in Taiwan.
J Adv Nurs
. 2002;38:68 - 73.
Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Taylor S, et al. Labor pain is reduced by massage therapy.
J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol
. 1997;18:286 - 291.
Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Hart S, et al. Pregnant women benefit from massage therapy.
J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol
. 1999;20:31 - 38.
Dale A, Cornwell S. The role of lavender oil in relieving perineal discomfort following childbirth: a blind randomized clinical trial.
J Adv Nurs
. 1994;19:89 - 96.
Smuts CM, Huang M, Mundy D, et al. Plasse T, Major S, Carlson SE. A randomized trial of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during the third trimester of pregnancy.
Obstet Gynecol
. 2003;101:469 - 479.
Helland IB, Smith L, Saarem K, et al. Maternal supplementation with very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation augments children's IQ at 4 years of age.
Pediatrics
. 2003;111:E39 - E44.
Lauritzen L, Hansen HS, Jorgensen MH, et al. The essentiality of long chain n-3 fatty acids in relation to development and function of the brain and retina.
Prog Lipid Res
. 2001;40:1 - 94.
Reznikoff-Etievant MF, Zittoun J, Vaylet C, et al. Low vitamin B(12) level as a risk factor for very early recurrent abortion.
Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol
. 2002;104:156 - 159.
Último revisado Octubre 2003 por EBSCO CAM Medical Review Board
La información aquí suministrada complementa la atención recibida por su médico. De ninguna forma intenta sustituir el consejo de un professional medico. LLAME A SU MEDICO DE INMEDIATO SI PIENSA QUE PODRIA TENER UNA EMERGENCIA. Siempre busque consejo médico antes de comenzar un nuevo tratamiento o si tiene preguntas sobre una condición médica.
Copyright © EBSCO Publishing. All rights reserved.